diff --git a/.obsidian/workspace.json b/.obsidian/workspace.json index b39c5f0..dde719a 100644 --- a/.obsidian/workspace.json +++ b/.obsidian/workspace.json @@ -20,23 +20,8 @@ "icon": "lucide-file", "title": "README" } - }, - { - "id": "849ec88cd31ecf9d", - "type": "leaf", - "state": { - "type": "markdown", - "state": { - "file": "chapters/02_Chapter2.md", - "mode": "source", - "source": false - }, - "icon": "lucide-file", - "title": "02_Chapter2" - } } - ], - "currentTab": 1 + ] } ], "direction": "vertical" @@ -225,6 +210,16 @@ { "id": "3a8c745a515b4510", "type": "leaf", + "state": { + "type": "mathpad-view", + "state": {}, + "icon": "lucide-ghost", + "title": "mathpad-view" + } + }, + { + "id": "e9804fd12413705d", + "type": "leaf", "state": { "type": "mathpad-view", "state": {}, @@ -237,8 +232,7 @@ } ], "direction": "horizontal", - "width": 200, - "collapsed": true + "width": 200 }, "left-ribbon": { "hiddenItems": { @@ -253,8 +247,10 @@ "obsidian-kanban:Create new board": false } }, - "active": "849ec88cd31ecf9d", + "active": "aea7b6310a1ff6ff", "lastOpenFiles": [ + "lib/old-citations.bib", + "chapters/02_Chapter2.md", "build/b3.html", "build/b3.tex", "build/Paths-to-Perception.tex", @@ -265,7 +261,6 @@ "build/lib/mathjax/ui/lazy.js", "build/lib/mathjax/ui", "build/lib/mathjax/sre/mathmaps/sv.json", - "build/lib/mathjax/sre/mathmaps/nn.json", "build/lib/img/unit-circle-with-tau.png", "build/lib/img/unit-circle-with-pi.png.png", "build/lib/img/unit-circle-with-pi.png", @@ -277,7 +272,6 @@ "build/lib/img/Revolving_circles.480x480.png", "build/lib/img/Poo.png", "README.md", - "chapters/02_Chapter2.md", "chapters/00_Introduction.md", "chapters/01_Chapter1.md", "pm/Book Action Items.md", diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index e65d83f..5762daf 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -22,6 +22,19 @@ sudo apt update sudo apt install zotero ``` +#### Better BibTex for Zotero + +Install the Better BibTex Plugin for Zotero +- Zotero > Tool > Plugins + + +#### Export citations.bib + +- Zotero > File > Export Library > Format: Better BibTeX +- [ ] Keep Updated +- [ ] Save to: ~/Documents/Lib/Citations.bib +- [ ] Symlink your ~/Documents/Lib/Citations.bib to beautiful-book-builder/lib/citations.bib + #### Zotero Connector Browser Plugin - https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/zotero-connector/ekhagklcjbdpajgpjgmbionohlpdbjgc diff --git a/lib/citations.bib b/lib/citations.bib deleted file mode 100644 index 9f5bb41..0000000 --- a/lib/citations.bib +++ /dev/null @@ -1,749 +0,0 @@ -@inreference{BekensteinBound2025, - title = {Bekenstein Bound}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-09-03T13:13:52Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bekenstein_bound&oldid=1309333188}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {In physics, the Bekenstein bound (named after Jacob Bekenstein) is an upper limit on the thermodynamic entropy S, or Shannon entropy H, that can be contained within a given finite region of space which has a finite amount of energy—or equivalently, the maximum amount of information that is required to perfectly describe a given physical system down to the quantum level. It implies that the information of a physical system, or the information necessary to perfectly describe that system, must be finite if the region of space and the energy are finite.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1309333188}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/NVS42AIE/index.html} -} - -@online{BioelectricalSynchronizationPicea, - title = {Bioelectrical Synchronization of {{Picea}} Abies during a Solar Eclipse | {{Royal Society Open Science}}}, - url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.241786}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/MCQR4KXU/rsos.html} -} - -@book{dawkinsSelfishGene2006, - title = {The Selfish Gene}, - author = {Dawkins, Richard}, - date = {2006}, - edition = {30th anniversary ed}, - publisher = {Oxford university press}, - location = {Oxford}, - isbn = {978-0-19-929114-4 978-0-19-929115-1}, - langid = {english} -} - -@online{DescribingNatureMath, - title = {Describing {{Nature With Math}} | {{NOVA}} | {{PBS}}}, - url = {https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/describing-nature-math/}, - urldate = {2025-10-11}, - abstract = {How do scientists use mathematics to define reality? And why?}, - langid = {american}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/UUX9PBMB/describing-nature-math.html} -} - -@inreference{DimensionalAnalysis2025, - title = {Dimensional Analysis}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-09-27T21:50:36Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimensional_analysis&oldid=1313732130}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {In engineering and science, dimensional analysis of different physical quantities is the analysis of their physical dimension or quantity dimension, defined as a mathematical expression identifying the powers of the base quantities involved (such as length, mass, time, etc.), and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed. The concepts of dimensional analysis and quantity dimension were introduced by Joseph Fourier in 1822. Commensurable physical quantities have the same dimension and are of the same kind, so they can be directly compared to each other, even if they are expressed in differing units of measurement; e.g., metres and feet, grams and pounds, seconds and years. Incommensurable physical quantities have different dimensions, so can not be directly compared to each other, no matter what units they are expressed in, e.g. metres and grams, seconds and grams, metres and seconds. For example, asking whether a gram is larger than an hour is meaningless. Any physically meaningful equation or inequality must have the same dimensions on its left and right sides, a property known as dimensional homogeneity. Checking for dimensional homogeneity is a common application of dimensional analysis, serving as a plausibility check on derived equations and computations. It also serves as a guide and constraint in deriving equations that may describe a physical system in the absence of a more rigorous derivation.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1313732130}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/7DFC3R86/index.html} -} - -@inreference{DimensionlessPhysicalConstant2025, - title = {Dimensionless Physical Constant}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-09-14T22:17:22Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimensionless_physical_constant&oldid=1311357987}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {In physics, a dimensionless physical constant is a physical constant that is dimensionless, i.e. a pure number having no units attached and having a numerical value that is independent of whatever system of units may be used. The concept should not be confused with dimensionless numbers, that are not universally constant, and remain constant only for a particular phenomenon. In aerodynamics for example, if one considers one particular airfoil, the Reynolds number value of the laminar–turbulent transition is one relevant dimensionless number of the problem. However, it is strictly related to the particular problem: for example, it is related to the airfoil being considered and also to the type of fluid in which it moves. The term fundamental physical constant is sometimes used to refer to some universal dimensionless constants. Perhaps the best-known example is the fine-structure constant, α, which has an approximate value of ⁠1/137.036⁠.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1311357987}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/MW7NWXFG/index.html} -} - -@inreference{EnergyMomentumRelation2025, - title = {Energy–Momentum Relation}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-07-06T16:07:23Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy%E2%80%93momentum_relation&oldid=1299104242}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {In physics, the energy–momentum relation, or relativistic dispersion relation, is the relativistic equation relating total energy (which is also called relativistic energy) to invariant mass (which is also called rest mass) and momentum. It is the extension of mass–energy equivalence for bodies or systems with non-zero momentum. It can be formulated as: This equation holds for a body or system, such as one or more particles, with total energy E, invariant mass m0, and momentum of magnitude p; the constant c is the speed of light. It assumes the special relativity case of flat spacetime and that the particles are free. Total energy is the sum of rest energy E 0 = m 0 c 2 \{\textbackslash displaystyle E\_\{0\}=m\_\{0\}c\textasciicircum\{2\}\} and relativistic kinetic energy: E K = E − E 0 = ( p c ) 2 + ( m 0 c 2 ) 2 − m 0 c 2 \{\textbackslash displaystyle E\_\{\textbackslash text\{K\}\}=E-E\_\{0\}=\{\textbackslash sqrt \{(pc)\textasciicircum\{2\}+\textbackslash left(m\_\{0\}c\textasciicircum\{2\}\textbackslash right)\textasciicircum\{2\}\}\}-m\_\{0\}c\textasciicircum\{2\}\} Invariant mass is mass measured in a centre-of-momentum frame. For bodies or systems with zero momentum, it simplifies to the mass–energy equation E 0 = m 0 c 2 \{\textbackslash displaystyle E\_\{0\}=m\_\{0\}c\textasciicircum\{2\}\} , where total energy in this case is equal to rest energy. The Dirac sea model, which was used to predict the existence of antimatter, is closely related to the energy–momentum relation.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1299104242}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/QFHJ7PEG/index.html} -} - -@inreference{EntropyInformationTheory2025, - title = {Entropy (Information Theory)}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-08-30T07:05:16Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Entropy_(information_theory)&oldid=1308575209#Relationship_to_thermodynamic_entropy}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {In information theory, the entropy of a random variable quantifies the average level of uncertainty or information associated with the variable's potential states or possible outcomes. This measures the expected amount of information needed to describe the state of the variable, considering the distribution of probabilities across all potential states. Given a discrete random variable X \{\textbackslash displaystyle X\} , which may be any member x \{\textbackslash displaystyle x\} within the set X \{\textbackslash displaystyle \{\textbackslash mathcal \{X\}\}\} and is distributed according to p : X → [ 0 , 1 ] \{\textbackslash displaystyle p\textbackslash colon \{\textbackslash mathcal \{X\}\}\textbackslash to [0,1]\} , the entropy is H ( X ) := − ∑ x ∈ X p ( x ) log ⁡ p ( x ) , \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash mathrm \{H\} (X):=-\textbackslash sum \_\{x\textbackslash in \{\textbackslash mathcal \{X\}\}\}p(x)\textbackslash log p(x),\} where Σ \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash Sigma \} denotes the sum over the variable's possible values. The choice of base for log \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash log \} , the logarithm, varies for different applications. Base 2 gives the unit of bits (or "shannons"), while base e gives "natural units" nat, and base 10 gives units of "dits", "bans", or "hartleys". An equivalent definition of entropy is the expected value of the self-information of a variable. The concept of information entropy was introduced by Claude Shannon in his 1948 paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", and is also referred to as Shannon entropy. Shannon's theory defines a data communication system composed of three elements: a source of data, a communication channel, and a receiver. The "fundamental problem of communication" – as expressed by Shannon – is for the receiver to be able to identify what data was generated by the source, based on the signal it receives through the channel. Shannon considered various ways to encode, compress, and transmit messages from a data source, and proved in his source coding theorem that the entropy represents an absolute mathematical limit on how well data from the source can be losslessly compressed onto a perfectly noiseless channel. Shannon strengthened this result considerably for noisy channels in his noisy-channel coding theorem. Entropy in information theory is directly analogous to the entropy in statistical thermodynamics. The analogy results when the values of the random variable designate energies of microstates, so Gibbs's formula for the entropy is formally identical to Shannon's formula. Entropy has relevance to other areas of mathematics such as combinatorics and machine learning. The definition can be derived from a set of axioms establishing that entropy should be a measure of how informative the average outcome of a variable is. For a continuous random variable, differential entropy is analogous to entropy. The definition E [ − log ⁡ p ( X ) ] \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash mathbb \{E\} [-\textbackslash log p(X)]\} generalizes the above.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1308575209}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/4BV42QWY/index.html} -} - -@inreference{EntropyStatisticalThermodynamics2025, - title = {Entropy (Statistical Thermodynamics)}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-03-18T19:57:46Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Entropy_(statistical_thermodynamics)&oldid=1281177861}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {The concept entropy was first developed by German physicist Rudolf Clausius in the mid-nineteenth century as a thermodynamic property that predicts that certain spontaneous processes are irreversible or impossible. In statistical mechanics, entropy is formulated as a statistical property using probability theory. The statistical entropy perspective was introduced in 1870 by Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann, who established a new field of physics that provided the descriptive linkage between the macroscopic observation of nature and the microscopic view based on the rigorous treatment of large ensembles of microscopic states that constitute thermodynamic systems.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1281177861}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/4RIC22KT/index.html} -} - -@inreference{Eusociality2025, - title = {Eusociality}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-09-30T15:06:00Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eusociality&oldid=1314269397}, - urldate = {2025-10-11}, - abstract = {Eusociality (Greek εὖ eu 'good' and social) is the highest level of organization of sociality. It is defined by the following characteristics: cooperative brood care (including care of offspring from other individuals), overlapping generations within a colony of adults, and a division of labor into reproductive and non-reproductive groups. The division of labor creates specialized behavioral groups within an animal society, sometimes called castes. Eusociality is distinguished from all other social systems because individuals of at least one caste usually lose the ability to perform behaviors characteristic of individuals in another caste. Eusocial colonies can be viewed as superorganisms. Eusociality has evolved among the insects, crustaceans, trematoda and mammals. It is most widespread in the Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) and in Isoptera (termites). A colony has caste differences: queens and reproductive males take the roles of the sole reproducers, while soldiers and workers work together to create and maintain a living situation favorable for the brood. Queens produce multiple queen pheromones to create and maintain the eusocial state in their colonies; they may also eat eggs laid by other females or exert dominance by fighting. There are two eusocial rodents: the naked mole-rat and the Damaraland mole-rat. Some shrimps, such as Synalpheus regalis, are eusocial. E. O. Wilson and others have claimed that humans have evolved a weak form of eusociality. It has been suggested that the colonial and epiphytic staghorn fern, too, may make use of a primitively eusocial division of labor.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1314269397}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/WEEV59IM/index.html} -} - -@inreference{Fallibilism2025, - title = {Fallibilism}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-09-01T07:15:34Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fallibilism&oldid=1308933687}, - urldate = {2025-10-11}, - abstract = {Originally, fallibilism (from Medieval Latin: fallibilis, "liable to error") is the philosophical principle that propositions can be accepted even though they cannot be conclusively proven or justified, or that neither knowledge nor belief is certain. The term was coined in the late nineteenth century by the American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce, as a response to foundationalism. Theorists, following Austrian-British philosopher Karl Popper, may also refer to fallibilism as the notion that knowledge might turn out to be false. Furthermore, fallibilism is said to imply corrigibilism, the principle that propositions are open to revision. Fallibilism is often juxtaposed with infallibilism.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1308933687}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/WXBDAZAF/index.html} -} - -@inreference{Fermion2025, - title = {Fermion}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-07-26T05:04:02Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fermion&oldid=1302557918}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {In particle physics, a fermion is a subatomic particle that follows Fermi–Dirac statistics. Fermions have a half-integer spin (spin ⁠1/2⁠, spin ⁠3/2⁠, etc.) and obey the Pauli exclusion principle. These particles include all quarks and leptons and all composite particles made of an odd number of these, such as all baryons and many atoms and nuclei. Fermions differ from bosons, which obey Bose–Einstein statistics. Some fermions are elementary particles (such as electrons), and some are composite particles (such as protons). For example, according to the spin-statistics theorem in relativistic quantum field theory, particles with integer spin are bosons. In contrast, particles with half-integer spin are fermions. In addition to the spin characteristic, fermions have another specific property: they possess conserved baryon or lepton quantum numbers. Therefore, what is usually referred to as the spin-statistics relation is, in fact, a spin statistics-quantum number relation. As a consequence of the Pauli exclusion principle, only one fermion can occupy a particular quantum state at a given time. Suppose multiple fermions have the same spatial probability distribution, then, at least one property of each fermion, such as its spin, must be different. Fermions are usually associated with matter, whereas bosons are generally force carrier particles. However, in the current state of particle physics, the distinction between the two concepts is unclear. Weakly interacting fermions can also display bosonic behavior under extreme conditions. For example, at low temperatures, fermions show superfluidity for uncharged particles and superconductivity for charged particles. Composite fermions, such as protons and neutrons, are the key building blocks of everyday matter. English theoretical physicist Paul Dirac coined the name fermion from the surname of Italian physicist Enrico Fermi.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1302557918}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/B83WRTM2/index.html} -} - -@book{feynmanFeynmanLecturesPhysics2011, - title = {The {{Feynman}} Lectures on Physics}, - author = {Feynman, Richard P. and Leighton, Robert B. and Sands, Matthew L.}, - date = {2011}, - edition = {New millennium ed}, - publisher = {Basic Books}, - location = {New York}, - isbn = {978-0-465-02382-0 978-0-465-02414-8 978-0-465-02493-3 978-0-465-02416-2 978-0-465-02417-9 978-0-465-02501-5}, - langid = {english} -} - -@book{feynmanQEDStrangeTheory2014, - title = {{{QED}}: {{The Strange Theory}} of {{Light}} and {{Matter}}}, - shorttitle = {{{QED}}}, - author = {Feynman, Richard P. and Zee, Anthony}, - date = {2014}, - series = {Princeton {{Science Library}}}, - number = {90}, - publisher = {Princeton University Press}, - location = {Princeton, NJ}, - doi = {10.1515/9781400847464}, - isbn = {978-0-691-16409-0 978-1-4008-4746-4}, - langid = {english}, - pagetotal = {1} -} - -@online{FileRevolvingCirclessvg2007, - title = {File:{{Revolving}} Circles.Svg - {{Wikipedia}}}, - shorttitle = {File}, - date = {2007-03-15}, - url = {https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Revolving_circles.svg}, - urldate = {2025-10-31}, - langid = {english}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/RSNKDAHU/FileRevolving_circles.html} -} - -@inreference{FinestructureConstant2025, - title = {Fine-Structure Constant}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-09-26T21:12:18Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fine-structure_constant&oldid=1313547352}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {In physics, the fine-structure constant, also known as the Sommerfeld constant, commonly denoted by α \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash{} \textbackslash alpha \textbackslash{} \} (the Greek letter alpha), is a fundamental physical constant that quantifies the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles. It is a dimensionless quantity (dimensionless physical constant), independent of the system of units used, which is related to the strength of the coupling of an elementary charge e \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash{} e\textbackslash{} \} with the electromagnetic field, by the formula α = e 2 4 π ε 0 ℏ c . \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash{} \textbackslash alpha =\{\textbackslash tfrac \{e\textasciicircum\{2\}\}\{\textbackslash{} 4\textbackslash pi \textbackslash varepsilon \_\{0\}\textbackslash hbar \textbackslash{} c\textbackslash{} \}\}\textasciitilde.\} Its numerical value is approximately 0.0072973525643 ≈ ⁠1/137.035999177⁠, with a relative uncertainty of 1.6×10−10. The constant was named by Arnold Sommerfeld, who introduced it in 1916 when extending the Bohr model of the atom. α \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash{} \textbackslash alpha \textbackslash{} \} quantified the gap in the fine structure of the spectral lines of the hydrogen atom, which had been measured precisely by Michelson and Morley in 1887. Why the constant should have this value is not understood, but there are a number of ways to measure its value.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1313547352}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/XBB8NCIR/index.html} -} - -@book{friedenScienceFisherInformation2004, - title = {Science from {{Fisher}} Information: A Unification}, - shorttitle = {Science from {{Fisher}} Information}, - author = {Frieden, Bernard Roy}, - date = {2004}, - publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, - location = {Cambridge}, - isbn = {978-0-521-00911-9 978-0-521-81079-1}, - langid = {english}, - pagetotal = {490} -} - -@inreference{GravitationalConstant2025, - title = {Gravitational Constant}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-09-10T12:57:19Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravitational_constant&oldid=1310582686}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {The gravitational constant is an empirical physical constant that gives the strength of the gravitational field induced by a mass. It is involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. It is also known as the universal gravitational constant, the Newtonian constant of gravitation, or the Cavendish gravitational constant, denoted by the capital letter G. In Newton's law, it is the proportionality constant connecting the gravitational force between two bodies with the product of their masses and the inverse square of their distance. In the Einstein field equations, it quantifies the relation between the geometry of spacetime and the stress–energy tensor. The measured value of the constant is known with some certainty to four significant digits. In SI units, its value is approximately 6.6743×10−11 m3⋅kg−1⋅s−2. The modern notation of Newton's law involving G was introduced in the 1890s by C. V. Boys. The first implicit measurement with an accuracy within about 1\% is attributed to Henry Cavendish in a 1798 experiment.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1310582686}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/4RKFTZTI/index.html} -} - -@book{greeneElegantUniverseSuperstrings2003, - title = {The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory}, - shorttitle = {The Elegant Universe}, - author = {Greene, Brian}, - date = {2003}, - publisher = {Norton}, - location = {New York London}, - isbn = {978-0-393-33810-2 978-0-393-05858-1}, - langid = {english}, - pagetotal = {448} -} - -@book{greeneFabricCosmosSpace2005, - title = {The Fabric of the Cosmos: Space, Time, and the Texture of Reality}, - shorttitle = {The Fabric of the Cosmos}, - author = {Greene, Brian}, - date = {2005}, - edition = {First Vintage books edition}, - publisher = {Vintage Books}, - location = {New York}, - abstract = {Space and time form the very fabric of the cosmos. Yet they remain among the most mysterious of concepts. Is space an entity? Why does time have a direction? Could the universe exist without space and time? Can we travel to the past? -Publishers information}, - isbn = {978-0-375-72720-7 978-0-375-41288-2}, - langid = {english}, - pagetotal = {569} -} - -@book{harariHomoDeusBrief2017, - title = {Homo {{Deus}}: {{A Brief History}} of {{Tomorrow}}}, - shorttitle = {Homo {{Deus}}}, - author = {Harari, Yuval Noaḥ}, - date = {2017}, - publisher = {HarperCollins Publishers}, - location = {New York}, - isbn = {978-0-06-246431-6 978-0-06-246435-4}, - langid = {english}, - pagetotal = {1} -} - -@book{harariHomoDeusBrief2017a, - title = {Homo {{Deus}}: {{A Brief History}} of {{Tomorrow}}}, - shorttitle = {Homo {{Deus}}}, - author = {Harari, Yuval Noaḥ}, - date = {2017}, - publisher = {HarperCollins Publishers}, - location = {New York}, - isbn = {978-0-06-246431-6 978-0-06-246435-4}, - langid = {english}, - pagetotal = {1} -} - -@book{hawkingBlackHolesBaby2011, - title = {Black {{Holes}} and {{Baby Universes}}: {{And Other Essays}}}, - shorttitle = {Black {{Holes}} and {{Baby Universes}}}, - author = {Hawking, Stephen W.}, - date = {2011}, - publisher = {Random House Publishing Group}, - location = {Westminster}, - isbn = {978-0-553-37411-7 978-0-307-79045-3}, - langid = {english}, - pagetotal = {1} -} - -@book{hawkingBriefHistoryTime2017, - title = {A Brief History of Time}, - author = {Hawking, Stephen}, - date = {2017}, - edition = {2017 Bantam books Trade paperback edition}, - publisher = {Bantam Books}, - location = {New York}, - abstract = {Stephen Hawking's classic work has become a landmark volume in scientific writing, with more than nine million copies in forty languages sold worldwide. The intervening years have seen extraordinary advances in the technology of observing both the micro- and the macrocosmic worlds. These observations have confirmed many of Professor Hawking's theoretical predictions in the first edition of his book, including the recent discoveries of the Cosmic Background Explorer satellite (COBE), which probed back in time to within 300,000 years of the universe's beginning and revealed wrinkles in the fabric of space-time that he had projected}, - isbn = {978-0-553-10953-5}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {OCLC: 1005987912} -} - -@book{hawkingGrandDesign2010, - title = {The Grand Design}, - author = {Hawking, Stephen W. and Mlodinow, Leonard}, - date = {2010}, - publisher = {Bantam Books}, - location = {New York, NY}, - abstract = {The mystery of being -- The rule of law -- What is reality? -- Alternative histories -- The theory of everything -- Choosing our universe -- The apparent miracle -- The grand design}, - isbn = {978-0-553-80537-6}, - langid = {english}, - pagetotal = {198} -} - -@inreference{HodgkinHuxleyModel2025, - title = {Hodgkin–{{Huxley}} Model}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-10-01T16:11:41Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hodgkin%E2%80%93Huxley_model&oldid=1314473459}, - urldate = {2025-10-11}, - abstract = {The Hodgkin–Huxley model, or conductance-based model, is a mathematical model that describes how action potentials in neurons are initiated and propagated. It is a set of nonlinear differential equations that approximates the electrical engineering characteristics of excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells. It is a continuous-time dynamical system. Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley described the model in 1952 to explain the ionic mechanisms underlying the initiation and propagation of action potentials in the squid giant axon. They received the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this work.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1314473459}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/8ZH4L2MG/index.html} -} - -@book{hossenfelderLostMathHow2018, - title = {Lost in Math: How Beauty Leads Physics Astray}, - shorttitle = {Lost in Math}, - author = {Hossenfelder, Sabine}, - date = {2018}, - edition = {First edition}, - publisher = {Basic Books}, - location = {New York, NY}, - abstract = {"Whether pondering black holes or predicting discoveries at CERN, physicists believe the best theories are beautiful, natural, and elegant, and this standard separates popular theories from disposable ones. This is why, Sabine Hossenfelder argues, we have not seen a major breakthrough in the foundations of physics for more than four decades. The belief in beauty has become so dogmatic that it now conflicts with scientific objectivity: observation has been unable to confirm mindboggling theories, like supersymmetry or grand unification, invented by physicists based on aesthetic criteria. Worse, these "too good to not be true" theories are actually untestable and they have left the field in a cul-de-sac. To escape, physicists must rethink their methods. Only by embracing reality as it is can science discover the truth"--}, - isbn = {978-0-465-09425-7 978-1-5416-4676-6}, - langid = {english}, - pagetotal = {291}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/R9YHN6A7/Hossenfelder - 2018 - Lost in math how beauty leads physics astray.pdf} -} - -@online{HumanBrainWikipedia, - title = {Human Brain - {{Wikipedia}}}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain}, - urldate = {2025-10-11}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/T4ZIGCYE/Human_brain.html} -} - -@inreference{InternationalSystemUnits2025, - title = {International {{System}} of {{Units}}}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-09-28T13:32:18Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_System_of_Units&oldid=1313858471}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {The International System of Units, internationally known by the abbreviation SI (from French Système international d'unités), is the modern form of the metric system and the world's most widely used system of measurement. It is the only system of measurement with official status in nearly every country in the world, employed in science, technology, industry, and everyday commerce. The SI system is coordinated by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, which is abbreviated BIPM from French: Bureau international des poids et mesures. The SI comprises a coherent system of units of measurement starting with seven base units, which are the second (symbol s, the unit of time), metre (m, length), kilogram (kg, mass), ampere (A, electric current), kelvin (K, thermodynamic temperature), mole (mol, amount of substance), and candela (cd, luminous intensity). The system can accommodate coherent units for an unlimited number of additional quantities. These are called coherent derived units, which can always be represented as products of powers of the base units. Twenty-two coherent derived units have been provided with special names and symbols. The seven base units and the 22 coherent derived units with special names and symbols may be used in combination to express other coherent derived units. Since the sizes of coherent units will be convenient for only some applications and not for others, the SI provides twenty-four prefixes which, when added to the name and symbol of a coherent unit produce twenty-four additional (non-coherent) SI units for the same quantity; these non-coherent units are always decimal (i.e. power-of-ten) multiples and sub-multiples of the coherent unit. The current way of defining the SI is a result of a decades-long move towards increasingly abstract and idealised formulation in which the realisations of the units are separated conceptually from the definitions. A consequence is that as science and technologies develop, new and superior realisations may be introduced without the need to redefine the unit. One problem with artefacts is that they can be lost, damaged, or changed; another is that they introduce uncertainties that cannot be reduced by advancements in science and technology. The original motivation for the development of the SI was the diversity of units that had sprung up within the centimetre–gram–second (CGS) systems (specifically the inconsistency between the systems of electrostatic units and electromagnetic units) and the lack of coordination between the various disciplines that used them. The General Conference on Weights and Measures (French: Conférence générale des poids et mesures – CGPM), which was established by the Metre Convention of 1875, brought together many international organisations to establish the definitions and standards of a new system and to standardise the rules for writing and presenting measurements. The system was published in 1960 as a result of an initiative that began in 1948, and is based on the metre–kilogram–second system of units (MKS) combined with ideas from the development of the CGS system.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1313858471}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/PT36G6TE/index.html} -} - -@inreference{InversesquareLaw2025, - title = {Inverse-Square Law}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-09-06T13:47:49Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inverse-square_law&oldid=1309882364}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {In science, an inverse-square law is any scientific law stating that the observed "intensity" of a specified physical quantity (being nothing more than the value of the physical quantity) is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that physical quantity. The fundamental cause for this can be understood as geometric dilution corresponding to point-source radiation into three-dimensional space. Radar energy expands during both the signal transmission and the reflected return, so the inverse square for both paths means that the radar will receive energy according to the inverse fourth power of the range. To prevent dilution of energy while propagating a signal, certain methods can be used such as a waveguide, which acts like a canal does for water, or how a gun barrel restricts hot gas expansion to one dimension in order to prevent loss of energy transfer to a bullet.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1309882364}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/3UJMA4C4/index.html} -} - -@online{IsaacNewtonLetter, - title = {Isaac {{Newton}} Letter to {{Robert Hooke}}, 1675}, - annotation = {Context Object: url\_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx\_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx\_enc=info\%3Aofi\%2Fenc\%3AUTF-8\&rfr\_id=info\%3Asid\%2Fvufind.svn.sourceforge.net\%3Agenerator\&rft.title=Isaac+Newton+letter+to+Robert+Hooke\%2C+1675\&rft.date=\&rft\_val\_fmt=info\%3Aofi\%2Ffmt\%3Akev\%3Amtx\%3Adc\&rft.creator=\&rft.format=Electronic}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/V8NE2GP6/dc-9792.html} -} - -@book{misnerGravitation2008, - title = {Gravitation}, - author = {Misner, Charles W. and Thorne, Kip S. and Wheeler, John Archibald}, - date = {2008}, - edition = {27. printing}, - publisher = {Freeman}, - location = {New York, NY}, - isbn = {978-0-7167-0344-0 978-0-7167-0334-1}, - langid = {english}, - pagetotal = {1279} -} - -@inreference{NaturalUnits2025, - title = {Natural Units}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-08-14T15:34:53Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_units&oldid=1305872998}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {In physics, natural unit systems are measurement systems for which selected physical constants have been set to 1 through nondimensionalization of physical units. For example, the speed of light c may be set to 1, and it may then be omitted, equating mass and energy directly E = m rather than using c as a conversion factor in the typical mass–energy equivalence equation E = mc2. A purely natural system of units has all of its dimensions collapsed, such that the physical constants completely define the system of units and the relevant physical laws contain no conversion constants. While natural unit systems simplify the form of each equation, it is still necessary to keep track of the non-collapsed dimensions of each quantity or expression in order to reinsert physical constants (such dimensions uniquely determine the full formula).}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1305872998}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/ICQXPITF/index.html} -} - -@inreference{NewtonsLawUniversal2025, - title = {Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-09-18T00:42:06Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation&oldid=1311982127}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {Newton's law of universal gravitation describes gravity as a force by stating that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers of mass. Separated objects attract and are attracted as if all their mass were concentrated at their centers. The publication of the law has become known as the "first great unification", as it marked the unification of the previously described phenomena of gravity on Earth with known astronomical behaviors. This is a general physical law derived from empirical observations by what Isaac Newton called inductive reasoning. It is a part of classical mechanics and was formulated in Newton's work Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Latin for 'Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy' (the Principia)), first published on 5 July 1687. The equation for universal gravitation thus takes the form: F = G m 1 m 2 r 2 , \{\textbackslash displaystyle F=G\{\textbackslash frac \{m\_\{1\}m\_\{2\}\}\{r\textasciicircum\{2\}\}\},\} where F is the gravitational force acting between two objects, m1 and m2 are the masses of the objects, r is the distance between the centers of their masses, and G is the gravitational constant. The first test of Newton's law of gravitation between masses in the laboratory was the Cavendish experiment conducted by the British scientist Henry Cavendish in 1798. It took place 111 years after the publication of Newton's Principia and approximately 71 years after his death. Newton's law of gravitation resembles Coulomb's law of electrical forces, which is used to calculate the magnitude of the electrical force arising between two charged bodies. Both are inverse-square laws, where force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the bodies. Coulomb's law has charge in place of mass and a different constant. Newton's law was later superseded by Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, but the universality of the gravitational constant is intact and the law still continues to be used as an excellent approximation of the effects of gravity in most applications. Relativity is required only when there is a need for extreme accuracy, or when dealing with very strong gravitational fields, such as those found near extremely massive and dense objects, or at small distances (such as Mercury's orbit around the Sun).}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1311982127}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/KFTLSII7/index.html} -} - -@inreference{Observable2025, - title = {Observable}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-08-15T08:09:21Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Observable&oldid=1305990770}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {In physics, an observable is a physical property or physical quantity that can be measured. In classical mechanics, an observable is a real-valued "function" on the set of all possible system states, e.g., position and momentum. In quantum mechanics, an observable is an operator, or gauge, where the property of the quantum state can be determined by some sequence of operations. For example, these operations might involve submitting the system to various electromagnetic fields and eventually reading a value. Physically meaningful observables must also satisfy transformation laws that relate observations performed by different observers in different frames of reference. These transformation laws are automorphisms of the state space, that is bijective transformations that preserve certain mathematical properties of the space in question.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1305990770}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/BJ6YSDMV/index.html} -} - -@book{penroseCyclesTimeExtraordinary2011, - title = {Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe}, - shorttitle = {Cycles of Time}, - author = {Penrose, Roger}, - date = {2011}, - series = {Vintage {{Books}}}, - publisher = {Vintage}, - location = {London}, - isbn = {978-0-09-950594-5}, - langid = {english}, - pagetotal = {288} -} - -@book{penroseEmperorsNewMind1990, - title = {The {{Emperors}} New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and the Laws of Physics}, - shorttitle = {The {{Emperors}} New Mind}, - author = {Penrose, Roger}, - date = {1990}, - publisher = {Oxford university press}, - location = {Oxford}, - isbn = {978-0-19-851973-7}, - langid = {english} -} - -@book{penroseEmperorsNewMind2020, - title = {The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics}, - shorttitle = {The Emperor's New Mind}, - author = {Penrose, Roger}, - date = {2020}, - series = {Oxford Scholarship Online}, - publisher = {Oxford University Press}, - location = {Oxford}, - doi = {10.1093/oso/9780198519737.001.0001}, - abstract = {In his bestselling work of popular science, Sir Roger Penrose takes us on a fascinating tour through the basic principles of physics, cosmology, mathematics, and philosophy to show that human thinking can never be emulated by a machine}, - isbn = {978-0-19-878492-0 978-0-19-191708-0}, - langid = {english}, - pagetotal = {1} -} - -@book{penroseRoadRealityComplete2007, - title = {The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe}, - shorttitle = {The Road to Reality}, - author = {Penrose, Roger}, - date = {2007}, - edition = {1. Vintage books ed}, - publisher = {Vintage}, - location = {London}, - isbn = {978-0-679-77631-4}, - langid = {english}, - pagetotal = {1099}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/KK2XYELH/Penrose - 2007 - The road to reality a complete guide to the laws of the universe.pdf} -} - -@book{pierceIntroductionInformationTheory1997, - title = {An Introduction to Information Theory: Symbols, Signals \& Noise}, - shorttitle = {An Introduction to Information Theory}, - author = {Pierce, John Robinson}, - date = {1997}, - series = {Dover Books Explaining Science}, - edition = {2., rev. ed., [Nachdr.]}, - publisher = {Dover Publ}, - location = {New York}, - isbn = {978-0-486-24061-9}, - langid = {english}, - pagetotal = {305} -} - -@inreference{PlanckConstant2025, - title = {Planck Constant}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-09-11T05:10:16Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planck_constant&oldid=1310710754}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by h \{\textbackslash displaystyle h\} , is a fundamental physical constant of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant, and a particle's momentum is equal to the wavenumber of the associated matter wave (the reciprocal of its wavelength) multiplied by the Planck constant. The constant was postulated by Max Planck in 1900 as a proportionality constant needed to explain experimental black-body radiation. Planck later referred to the constant as the "quantum of action". In 1905, Albert Einstein associated the "quantum" or minimal element of the energy to the electromagnetic wave itself. Max Planck received the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta". In metrology, the Planck constant is used, together with other constants, to define the kilogram, the SI unit of mass. The SI units are defined such that it has the exact value h \{\textbackslash displaystyle h\} = 6.62607015×10−34 J⋅Hz−1‍ when the Planck constant is expressed in SI units. The closely related reduced Planck constant, denoted ℏ \{\textbackslash textstyle \textbackslash hbar \} (h-bar), equal to the Planck constant divided by 2π: ℏ = h 2 π \{\textbackslash textstyle \textbackslash hbar =\{\textbackslash frac \{h\}\{2\textbackslash pi \}\}\} , is commonly used in quantum physics equations. It relates the energy of a photon to its angular frequency, and the linear momentum of a particle to the angular wavenumber of its associated matter wave. As h \{\textbackslash displaystyle h\} has an exact defined value, the value of ℏ \{\textbackslash textstyle \textbackslash hbar \} can be calculated to arbitrary precision: ℏ \{\textbackslash displaystyle \textbackslash hbar \} = 1.054571817...×10−34 J⋅s. As a proportionality constant in relationships involving angular quantities, the unit of ℏ \{\textbackslash textstyle \textbackslash hbar \} may be given as J·s/rad, with the same numerical value, as the radian is the natural dimensionless unit of angle.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1310710754}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/8BKZJUJI/index.html} -} - -@inreference{PlanckUnits2025, - title = {Planck Units}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-09-11T01:10:34Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planck_units&oldid=1310677154#Derived_units}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {In particle physics and physical cosmology, Planck units are a system of units of measurement defined exclusively in terms of four universal physical constants: c, G, ħ, and kB (described further below). Expressing one of these physical constants in terms of Planck units yields a numerical value of 1. They are a system of natural units, defined using fundamental properties of nature (specifically, properties of free space) rather than properties of a chosen prototype object. Originally proposed in 1899 by German physicist Max Planck, they are relevant in research on unified theories such as quantum gravity. The term Planck scale refers to quantities of space, time, energy and other units that are similar in magnitude to corresponding Planck units. This region may be characterized by particle energies of around 1019 GeV or 109 J, time intervals of around 5×10−44 s and lengths of around 10−35 m (approximately the energy-equivalent of the Planck mass, the Planck time and the Planck length, respectively). At the Planck scale, the predictions of the Standard Model, quantum field theory and general relativity are not expected to apply, and quantum effects of gravity are expected to dominate. One example is represented by the conditions in the first 10−43 seconds of our universe after the Big Bang, approximately 13.8 billion years ago. The four universal constants that, by definition, have a numeric value 1 when expressed in these units are: c, the speed of light in vacuum, G, the gravitational constant, ħ, the reduced Planck constant, and kB, the Boltzmann constant. Variants of the basic idea of Planck units exist, such as alternate choices of normalization that give other numeric values to one or more of the four constants above.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1310677154}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/LQ5G7YLU/index.html} -} - -@book{ridleyGenomeAutobiographySpecies2006, - title = {Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters}, - shorttitle = {Genome}, - author = {Ridley, Matt}, - date = {2006}, - edition = {First Harper Perennial edition}, - publisher = {Harper Perennial}, - location = {New York}, - isbn = {978-0-06-089408-5}, - langid = {english}, - pagetotal = {344} -} - -@online{SandraSitterPayments, - title = {Sandra {{Sitter Payments}}}, - url = {https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1h8eQAixUY6I9a0BIOgQUe9MsvtRuSKfQzx9g1pduylQ/edit?gid=0&usp=embed_facebook}, - urldate = {2025-10-03}, - langid = {english}, - organization = {Google Docs}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/DPC79GT2/edit.html} -} - -@book{smolinThreeRoadsQuantum2001, - title = {Three Roads to Quantum Gravity}, - author = {Smolin, Lee}, - date = {2001}, - series = {Science Masters}, - publisher = {BasicBooks}, - location = {New York}, - isbn = {978-0-465-07835-6 978-0-465-07836-3}, - langid = {english}, - pagetotal = {231} -} - -@book{smolinTimeRebornCrisis2014, - title = {Time Reborn: From the Crisis in Physics to the Future of the Universe}, - shorttitle = {Time Reborn}, - author = {Smolin, Lee}, - date = {2014}, - edition = {First Mariner Books edition}, - publisher = {Mariner Books : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt}, - location = {Boston, New York}, - abstract = {"From one of our foremost thinkers and public intellectuals, a radical new view of the nature of time and the cosmos What is time? This deceptively simple question is the single most important problem facing science as we probe more deeply into the fundamentals of the universe. All of the mysteries physicists and cosmologists face--from the Big Bang to the future of the universe, from the puzzles of quantum physics to the unification of forces and particles--come down to the nature of time. The fact that time is real may seem obvious. You experience it passing every day when you watch clocks tick, bread toast, and children grow. But most physicists, from Newton to Einstein to today's quantum theorists, have seen things differently. The scientific case for time being an illusion is formidable. That is why the consequences of adopting the view that time is real are revolutionary. Lee Smolin, author of the controversial bestseller The Trouble with Physics, argues that a limited notion of time is holding physics back. It's time for a major revolution in scientific thought. The reality of time could be the key to the next big breakthrough in theoretical physics. What if the laws of physics themselves were not timeless? What if they could evolve? Time Reborn offers a radical new approach to cosmology that embraces the reality of time and opens up a whole new universe of possibilities. There are few ideas that, like our notion of time, shape our thinking about literally everything, with huge implications for physics and beyond--from climate change to the economic crisis. Smolin explains in lively and lucid prose how the true nature of time impacts our world"-- Provided by publisher}, - isbn = {978-0-544-24559-4}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {OCLC: 854944405} -} - -@book{smolinTroublePhysicsRise2007, - title = {The Trouble with Physics: The Rise of String Theory, the Fall of a Science, and What Comes Next}, - shorttitle = {The Trouble with Physics}, - author = {Smolin, Lee}, - date = {2007}, - series = {A {{Mariner Book}}}, - edition = {1. Mariner Books ed}, - publisher = {Houghton Mifflin}, - location = {Boston}, - isbn = {978-0-618-55105-7 978-0-618-91868-3}, - langid = {english}, - pagetotal = {392} -} - -@online{SpecialSensesWikipedia, - title = {Special Senses. - {{Wikipedia}}}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_senses.}, - urldate = {2025-10-11}, - langid = {english}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/MJI2NU9K/Special_senses..html} -} - -@inreference{SpeedLight2025, - title = {Speed of Light}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-09-28T20:26:06Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speed_of_light&oldid=1313919615}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted c, is a universal physical constant exactly equal to 299,792,458 metres per second (approximately 1 billion kilometres per hour; 700 million miles per hour). It is exact because, by international agreement, a metre is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1⁄299792458 second. The speed of light is the same for all observers, no matter their relative velocity. It is the upper limit for the speed at which information, matter, or energy can travel through space. All forms of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, travel at the speed of light. For many practical purposes, light and other electromagnetic waves will appear to propagate instantaneously, but for long distances and sensitive measurements, their finite speed has noticeable effects. Much starlight viewed on Earth is from the distant past, allowing humans to study the history of the universe by viewing distant objects. When communicating with distant space probes, it can take hours for signals to travel. In computing, the speed of light fixes the ultimate minimum communication delay. The speed of light can be used in time of flight measurements to measure large distances to extremely high precision. Ole Rømer first demonstrated that light does not travel instantaneously by studying the apparent motion of Jupiter's moon Io. In an 1865 paper, James Clerk Maxwell proposed that light was an electromagnetic wave and, therefore, travelled at speed c. Albert Einstein postulated that the speed of light c with respect to any inertial frame of reference is a constant and is independent of the motion of the light source. He explored the consequences of that postulate by deriving the theory of relativity, and so showed that the parameter c had relevance outside of the context of light and electromagnetism. Massless particles and field perturbations, such as gravitational waves, also travel at speed c in vacuum. Such particles and waves travel at c regardless of the motion of the source or the inertial reference frame of the observer. Particles with nonzero rest mass can be accelerated to approach c but can never reach it, regardless of the frame of reference in which their speed is measured. In the theory of relativity, c interrelates space and time and appears in the famous mass–energy equivalence, E = mc2. In some cases, objects or waves may appear to travel faster than light. The expansion of the universe is understood to exceed the speed of light beyond a certain boundary. The speed at which light propagates through transparent materials, such as glass or air, is less than c; similarly, the speed of electromagnetic waves in wire cables is slower than c. The ratio between c and the speed v at which light travels in a material is called the refractive index n of the material (n = ⁠c/v⁠). For example, for visible light, the refractive index of glass is typically around 1.5, meaning that light in glass travels at ⁠c/1.5⁠ ≈ 200000 km/s (124000 mi/s); the refractive index of air for visible light is about 1.0003, so the speed of light in air is about 90 km/s (56 mi/s) slower than c.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1313919615} -} - -@inreference{StandardModel2025, - title = {Standard {{Model}}}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-09-02T12:44:33Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Model&oldid=1309159666}, - urldate = {2025-10-11}, - abstract = {The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles. It was developed in stages throughout the latter half of the 20th century, through the work of many scientists worldwide, with the current formulation being finalized in the mid-1970s upon experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks. Since then, proof of the top quark (1995), the tau neutrino (2000), and the Higgs boson (2012) have added further credence to the Standard Model. In addition, the Standard Model has predicted various properties of weak neutral currents and the W and Z bosons with great accuracy. Although the Standard Model is believed to be theoretically self-consistent and has demonstrated some success in providing experimental predictions, it leaves some physical phenomena unexplained and so falls short of being a complete theory of fundamental interactions. For example, it does not fully explain why there is more matter than anti-matter, incorporate the full theory of gravitation as described by general relativity, or account for the universe's accelerating expansion as possibly described by dark energy. The model does not contain any viable dark matter particle that possesses all of the required properties deduced from observational cosmology. It also does not incorporate neutrino oscillations and their non-zero masses. The development of the Standard Model was driven by theoretical and experimental particle physicists alike. The Standard Model is a paradigm of a quantum field theory for theorists, exhibiting a wide range of phenomena, including spontaneous symmetry breaking, anomalies, and non-perturbative behavior. It is used as a basis for building more exotic models that incorporate hypothetical particles, extra dimensions, and elaborate symmetries (such as supersymmetry) to explain experimental results at variance with the Standard Model, such as the existence of dark matter and neutrino oscillations.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1309159666}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/9VLUF4RG/index.html} -} - -@book{strogatzSyncHowOrder2015, - title = {Sync: How Order Emerges from Chaos in the Universe, Nature, and Daily Life}, - shorttitle = {Sync}, - author = {Strogatz, Steven}, - date = {2015}, - edition = {First Hachette Books trade edition}, - publisher = {Hachette Books}, - location = {New York Boston}, - isbn = {978-0-7868-8721-7}, - langid = {english}, - pagetotal = {338} -} - -@online{TauDayTau, - title = {Tau {{Day}} | {{The Tau Manifesto}} by {{Michael Hartl}}}, - url = {https://www.tauday.com/tau-manifesto}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/4ZMMBS6X/tau-manifesto.html} -} - -@online{UAFProfessorsWork, - title = {{{UAF}} Professor’s Work Is a Step toward Elusive ‘Theory of Everything’}, - url = {https://www.uaf.edu/news/uaf-professors-work-is-a-step-toward-elusive-theory-of-everything.php}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {Time, not space plus time, might be the single fundamental property in which all physical phenomena occur, according to a new theory by a University of Alaska Fairbanks scientist. The theory also argues that time comes in three dimensions rather than just the single one we experience as continual forward progression. Space emerges as a secondary manifestation.}, - langid = {english}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/Q74S52VI/uaf-professors-work-is-a-step-toward-elusive-theory-of-everything.html} -} - -@inreference{UnitCircle2025, - title = {Unit Circle}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-08-22T16:45:38Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unit_circle&oldid=1307271807}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {In mathematics, a unit circle is a circle of unit radius—that is, a radius of 1. Frequently, especially in trigonometry, the unit circle is the circle of radius 1 centered at the origin (0, 0) in the Cartesian coordinate system in the Euclidean plane. In topology, it is often denoted as S1 because it is a one-dimensional unit n-sphere. If (x, y) is a point on the unit circle's circumference, then |x| and |y| are the lengths of the legs of a right triangle whose hypotenuse has length 1. Thus, by the Pythagorean theorem, x and y satisfy the equation x 2 + y 2 = 1. \{\textbackslash displaystyle x\textasciicircum\{2\}+y\textasciicircum\{2\}=1.\} Since x2 = (−x)2 for all x, and since the reflection of any point on the unit circle about the x- or y-axis is also on the unit circle, the above equation holds for all points (x, y) on the unit circle, not only those in the first quadrant. The interior of the unit circle is called the open unit disk, while the interior of the unit circle combined with the unit circle itself is called the closed unit disk. One may also use other notions of "distance" to define other "unit circles", such as the Riemannian circle; see the article on mathematical norms for additional examples.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1307271807}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/U2TJ4UNG/index.html} -} - -@inreference{UnitMeasurement2025, - title = {Unit of Measurement}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-09-27T19:34:47Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unit_of_measurement&oldid=1313710605}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {A unit of measurement, or unit of measure, is a definite magnitude of a quantity, defined and adopted by convention or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same kind of quantity. Any other quantity of that kind can be expressed as a multiple of the unit of measurement. For example, a length is a physical quantity. The metre (symbol m) is a unit of length that represents a definite predetermined length. For instance, when referencing "10 metres" (or 10 m), what is actually meant is 10 times the definite predetermined length called "metre". The definition, agreement, and practical use of units of measurement have played a crucial role in human endeavour from early ages up to the present. A multitude of systems of units used to be very common. Now there is a global standard, the International System of Units (SI), the modern form of the metric system. In trade, weights and measures are often a subject of governmental regulation, to ensure fairness and transparency. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) is tasked with ensuring worldwide uniformity of measurements and their traceability to the International System of Units (SI). Metrology is the science of developing nationally and internationally accepted units of measurement. In physics and metrology, units are standards for measurement of physical quantities that need clear definitions to be useful. Reproducibility of experimental results is central to the scientific method. A standard system of units facilitates this. Scientific systems of units are a refinement of the concept of weights and measures historically developed for commercial purposes. Science, medicine, and engineering often use larger and smaller units of measurement than those used in everyday life. The judicious selection of the units of measurement can aid researchers in problem solving (see, for example, dimensional analysis).}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1313710605}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/NY98E6G4/index.html} -} - -@video{veritasiumWhyNoOne2020, - entrysubtype = {video}, - title = {Why {{No One Has Measured The Speed Of Light}}}, - editor = {{Veritasium}}, - editortype = {director}, - date = {2020-10-31}, - url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTn6Ewhb27k}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {Physics students learn the speed of light, c, is the same for all inertial observers but no one has ever actually measured it in one direction. Thanks to Kiwico for sponsoring this video. For 50\% off your first month of any crate, go to https://kiwico.com/veritasium50 Huge thanks to Destin from Smarter Every Day for always being open and willing to engage in new ideas. If you haven't subscribed already, what are you waiting for: https://ve42.co/SED For an overview of the one-way speed of light check out the wiki page: https://ve42.co/wiki1way The script was written in consultation with subject matter experts: Prof. Geraint Lewis, University of Sydney https://ve42.co/gfl Prof. Emeritus Allen Janis, University of Pittsburgh Prof. Clifford M. Will, University of Florida https://ve42.co/cmw The stuff that's correct is theirs. Any errors are mine. References: Einstein, A. (1905). On the electrodynamics of moving bodies.~Annalen der physik,~17(10), 891-921. (English) https://ve42.co/E1905 (German) https://ve42.co/G1905 Greaves, E. D., Rodríguez, A. M., \& Ruiz-Camacho, J. (2009). A one-way speed of light experiment.~American Journal of Physics,~77(10), 894-896. https://ve42.co/Greaves09 Response to Greaves et al. paper — https://arxiv.org/abs/0911.3616 Finkelstein, J. (2009). One-way speed of light?.~arXiv, arXiv-0911. The Philosophy of Space and Time - Reichenbach, H. (2012).~Courier Corporation. Anderson, R., Vetharaniam, I., \& Stedman, G. E. (1998). Conventionality of synchronisation, gauge dependence and test theories of relativity.~Physics reports,~295(3-4), 93-180. https://ve42.co/Anderson98 A review article about simultaneity — Janis, Allen, "Conventionality of Simultaneity",~The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy~(Fall 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta~(ed.) https://ve42.co/janis Will, C. M. (1992). Clock synchronization and isotropy of the one-way speed of light.~Physical Review D,~45(2), 403. https://ve42.co/Will92 Zhang, Y. Z. (1995). Test theories of special relativity.~General Relativity and Gravitation,~27(5), 475-493. https://ve42.co/Zhang95 Mansouri, R., \& Sexl, R. U. (1977). A test theory of special relativity: I. Simultaneity and clock synchronization.~General relativity and Gravitation,~8(7), 497-513. https://ve42.co/Sexl Research and writing by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev Animations by Ivy Tello VFX, music, and space animations by Jonny Hyman Filmed by Raquel Nuno Special thanks for reviewing earlier drafts of this video to: Dominic Walliman, Domain of Science: https://ve42.co/DoS Henry Reich, Minutephysics: https://ve42.co/MP My Patreon supporters Additional music from https://epidemicsound.com "Observations 2"} -} - -@inreference{Wilson2025, - title = {E. {{O}}. {{Wilson}}}, - booktitle = {Wikipedia}, - date = {2025-10-10T05:45:43Z}, - url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&oldid=1316057831}, - urldate = {2025-10-11}, - abstract = {Edward Osborne Wilson (June 10, 1929 – December 26, 2021) was an American biologist, naturalist, ecologist, and entomologist known for developing the field of sociobiology. Born in Alabama, Wilson found an early interest in nature and frequented the outdoors. At age seven, he was partially blinded in a fishing accident; due to his reduced sight, Wilson resolved to study entomology. After graduating from the University of Alabama, he earned his doctorate at Harvard University, where he distinguished himself in multiple fields. In 1956, he co-authored a paper defining the theory of character displacement. In 1967, he developed the theory of island biogeography with Robert MacArthur. Wilson was the Pellegrino University Research Professor Emeritus in Entomology for the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, a lecturer at Duke University, and a fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. The Royal Swedish Academy awarded Wilson the Crafoord Prize. He was a humanist laureate of the International Academy of Humanism. He was a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction (for On Human Nature in 1979, and The Ants in 1991) and a New York Times bestselling author for The Social Conquest of Earth, Letters to a Young Scientist, and The Meaning of Human Existence. Wilson's work received both praise and criticism during his lifetime. His 1975 book Sociobiology: The New Synthesis was a particular flashpoint for controversy, and drew criticism from the Sociobiology Study Group. Wilson's interpretation of the theory of evolution resulted in a widely reported dispute with Richard Dawkins about multilevel selection theory. Examinations of his letters after his death revealed that he had supported the psychologist J. Philippe Rushton, whose work on race and intelligence is widely regarded by the scientific community as deeply flawed and racist.}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {Page Version ID: 1316057831}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/CC7ZGUJP/index.html} -} - -@book{wilsonFutureLife2002, - title = {The {{Future}} of {{Life}}}, - author = {Wilson, Edward O.}, - date = {2002}, - publisher = {Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group}, - location = {Westminster}, - isbn = {978-0-679-45078-8 978-0-375-41456-5}, - langid = {english}, - pagetotal = {1} -} - -@book{wolframNewKindScience2002, - title = {A New Kind of Science}, - author = {Wolfram, Stephen}, - date = {2002}, - publisher = {Wolfram}, - location = {Champaign (Ill.)}, - isbn = {978-1-57955-008-0}, - langid = {english} -} - -@online{WolframPhysicsProject, - title = {The {{Wolfram Physics Project}}: {{Finding}} the {{Fundamental Theory}} of {{Physics}}}, - shorttitle = {The {{Wolfram Physics Project}}}, - url = {https://www.wolframphysics.org/}, - urldate = {2025-09-30}, - abstract = {Stephen Wolfram leads a new approach to discover the fundamental theory of physics. Follow project development as it is livestreamed.}, - langid = {english}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/7FWYXJ8E/www.wolframphysics.org.html} -} - -@book{wolframProjectFindFundamental2020a, - title = {A Project to Find the Fundamental Theory of Physics}, - author = {Wolfram, Stephen}, - date = {2020}, - edition = {First edition}, - publisher = {Stephen Wolfram, LLC}, - location = {Champaign, Illinois}, - abstract = {"The Wolfram Physics Project is a bold effort to find the fundamental theory of physics. It combines new ideas with the latest research in physics, mathematics and computation in the push to achieve this ultimate goal of science. Written with Stephen Wolfram's characteristic expository flair, this book provides a unique opportunity to learn about a historic initiative in science right as it is happening. A Project to Find the Fundamental Theory of Physics includes an accessible introduction to the project as well as core technical exposition and rich, never-before-seen visualizations"--}, - isbn = {978-1-57955-035-6}, - langid = {english}, - pagetotal = {770} -} - -@book{wolframSecondLawResolving2023, - title = {The Second Law: Resolving the Mystery of the Second Law of Thermodynamics}, - shorttitle = {The Second Law}, - author = {Wolfram, Stephen}, - date = {2023}, - edition = {First edition}, - publisher = {Wolfram Media, Inc.}, - location = {Champaign, IL}, - abstract = {"Ever since it was first formulated a century and a half ago, the Second Law of thermodynamics (or "law of entropy increase") has had an air of mystery about it. Why is it true? Is it even always true? In this book, Stephen Wolfram builds on recent breakthroughs in the foundations of physics to finally provide a resolution to the mystery of the Second Law, elegantly showing how it emerges as a general feature of processes that can be described computationally, as well as their interplay with our computational characteristics as observers. For Wolfram, the effort to understand the Second Law has been a 50-year quest, beginning when he was 12 years old. In the book, Wolfram tells the story of this quest as well as traces the whole remarkable history of the Second Law. Written with great clarity and richly illustrated with both striking modern diagrams and extensive historical material, the book will be of interest to anyone who wants to understand the foundations and origins of one of the most important and widely applied principles of modern science"-- Provided by publisher}, - isbn = {978-1-57955-083-7}, - langid = {english}, - annotation = {OCLC: 1382626346} -} - -@article{wolframWhatConsciousnessNew2021, - title = {What {{Is Consciousness}}? {{Some New Perspectives}} from {{Our Physics Project}}}, - shorttitle = {What {{Is Consciousness}}?}, - author = {Wolfram, Stephen}, - date = {2021-03-22}, - journaltitle = {Stephen Wolfram Writings}, - url = {https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2021/03/what-is-consciousness-some-new-perspectives-from-our-physics-project/}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {Stephen Wolfram sketches some preliminary ideas on the complex subject of consciousness and its connection to his research into the fundamental theory of physics.}, - langid = {english}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/WPVSTB3D/what-is-consciousness-some-new-perspectives-from-our-physics-project.html} -} - -@article{wolframWhatIfWe2025, - title = {What {{If We Had Bigger Brains}}? {{Imagining Minds}} beyond {{Ours}}}, - shorttitle = {What {{If We Had Bigger Brains}}?}, - author = {Wolfram, Stephen}, - date = {2025-05-21}, - journaltitle = {Stephen Wolfram Writings}, - url = {https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2025/05/what-if-we-had-bigger-brains-imagining-minds-beyond-ours/}, - urldate = {2025-09-28}, - abstract = {Stephen Wolfram explores how the number of neural connections affects capabilities like language and abstraction. How far we could go accounting for neural nets and LLMS, the fundamental nature of computation, neuroscience and the operation of brains.}, - langid = {english}, - file = {/home/jehaverlack/Zotero/storage/CBXFZ2ZX/what-if-we-had-bigger-brains-imagining-minds-beyond-ours.html} -} diff --git a/lib/citations.bib b/lib/citations.bib new file mode 120000 index 0000000..f264668 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/citations.bib @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/home/jehaverlack/Documents/Lib/Citations.bib \ No newline at end of file